All questions, by country

Non-residents of legal age who invest at least EUR 1,000,000 in Andorran assets, make the non-refundable payment to the Andorran Financial Authority, hold health, disability and old-age insurance, have a home in Andorra and prove sufficient means can apply for the passive residence. Your dependants can be included.

Legal basis: Qualified Immigration Law (Law 9/2012), arts. 89-96, as amended by Law 2/2026 ↗

At least EUR 1,000,000 in Andorran assets: real estate with more than EUR 800,000 per property unit, shares of Andorran companies, Andorran bonds and investment funds (for up to 36 months), public debt, life insurance with Andorran insurers or deposits at the Andorran Financial Authority. The investment drops to EUR 400,000 if placed in the public Housing Fund.

Legal basis: Law 2/2026, art. 10 (new art. 96 of Law 9/2012) ↗

Real estate in Andorra (more than EUR 800,000 per property unit), shares of Andorran companies, Andorran bonds and investment funds (for up to 36 months), public debt, life insurance with Andorran insurers and deposits at the Andorran Financial Authority. The total must reach EUR 1,000,000, or EUR 400,000 if invested in the Housing Fund.

Legal basis: Law 2/2026, art. 10 (art. 96.1 a-f) ↗

No. Since 13 February 2026 the EUR 50,000 payment to the Andorran Financial Authority is non-refundable unless the initial authorization is refused. Before that date it was a refundable deposit of EUR 47,500.

Legal basis: Law 2/2026, art. 10 (art. 96.2) ↗

Since June 2026, Andorran nationality by naturalization requires twenty years of principal and permanent residence in Andorra, counted with or without interruptions, including effective residence during the five years before the application. You need a B1 Catalan certificate if you are under seventy and must show sufficient integration in Catalan language, history, geography and Andorran institutions, assessed by the Government. Andorra does not allow dual nationality: the grant is conditional on proving within five years that you have lost your previous one. Shorter routes exist for spouses of Andorrans (five years) and for those educated in Andorra (ten years plus ten school years).

Legal basis: Qualified Law on Nationality (5 October 1995), arts. 7, 10, 11, 28, 29 and 36, as amended by Qualified Law 8/2026 of 7 May (BOPA no. 56, 3 June 2026) ↗

Yes, for as long as you hold the residence. You have six months from the application to complete the investment, extendable by six more for force majeure, and each renewal requires proof that the investment in Andorran assets is maintained. Investments in debt instruments and funds count for a maximum of 36 months before they must be moved to another asset.

Legal basis: Law 2/2026, art. 10 (art. 96.3); Government of Andorra, renewal of residence without work ↗

Your spouse or stable partner, dependent parents of either of you, minor children, adult children with a disability who depend on you, children under 25 who are studying, other dependent descendants and people under your guardianship.

Legal basis: Qualified Immigration Law (Law 9/2012), art. 91.1 ↗

Yes. You must own or rent a dwelling that meets the minimum habitability conditions, or be buying one, with the purchase completed within one year of the application. The dwelling can be the real estate that counts toward the investment if it meets the EUR 800,000 per unit minimum.

Legal basis: Qualified Immigration Law (Law 9/2012), art. 90(d) ↗

Applicants of good character who pass the Citizenship by Investment Unit's due diligence and make a qualifying contribution or investment can apply, together with their eligible family members. Applications are filed only through a Licensed Agent in Antigua and Barbuda; Orience works with its licensed partner there and prepares the file with you.

Legal basis: Citizenship by Investment Act, 2013 (No. 2 of 2013) ↗

A contribution of USD 230,000 to the National Development Fund for a single applicant or a family; USD 260,000 to the University of the West Indies Fund for a family of six or more; USD 300,000 in real estate in an approved project; or a business investment with higher thresholds.

Legal basis: Citizenship by Investment (Amendment) Regulations 2024 (S.I. 2024 No. 50) ↗

A contribution of USD 260,000 for a family of six or more. It includes a one-year, tuition-only scholarship at the University of the West Indies for one family member. For larger families it is often the most efficient route.

Legal basis: Citizenship by Investment (Amendment) Regulations 2024 (S.I. 2024 No. 50) ↗

Your spouse; children up to 30 who depend on you financially; children over 18 with a physical or mental disability; parents and grandparents aged 55 or older who depend on you financially; and unmarried siblings of you or your spouse. Each dependant is covered by the family contribution.

Legal basis: Citizenship by Investment (Amendment) Regulations 2024 (S.I. 2024 No. 50) ↗

After approval. The contribution or investment is paid only after you receive the approval letter, within 30 days, so your money is not committed until the Unit has approved your family.

Legal basis: Citizenship by Investment Unit, application procedure ↗

No, but you must spend at least five days in Antigua and Barbuda during the five calendar years after registration as a citizen; otherwise the citizenship may be revoked. Many families combine that visit with the oath of allegiance. There is no other residence requirement.

Legal basis: Citizenship by Investment Act, 2013, as amended ↗

An interview is not mandatory, but the Unit may require one as part of its due diligence. If it does, it is arranged with your Licensed Agent and can usually be held online. Orience prepares you and your family members beforehand.

Legal basis: Citizenship by Investment Unit, application procedure ↗

Yes. Every new citizen takes the oath of allegiance, either during the first visit to Antigua and Barbuda or at an Embassy, High Commission or Consular Office of the country. The passport is issued after the oath.

Legal basis: Citizenship by Investment Act, 2013, as amended ↗

Yes. Property bought under the program cannot be resold until five years after the purchase, and it may be resold only once to another applicant of the program. After that period you may sell it on the open market. The property can be rented out meanwhile, subject to the project's rules.

Legal basis: Citizenship by Investment (Amendment) Regulations 2024 (S.I. 2024 No. 50) ↗

The first passport is valid for five years. Renewal requires having spent a total of five days in Antigua and Barbuda during that period. Renewed passports then follow the ordinary passport rules.

Legal basis: Citizenship by Investment (Amendment) Regulations 2024 (S.I. 2024 No. 50) ↗

Yes. After approval you can add a dependent child, a dependant aged 18 or over or a future spouse of the main applicant. The same eligibility rules apply, and your advisor confirms the amounts before you apply.

Legal basis: Citizenship by Investment (Amendment) Regulations 2024 (S.I. 2024 No. 50) ↗

Yes. Neither the Constitution nor the Citizenship by Investment Act asks you to renounce another nationality: the Constitution protects dual citizenship and investors are simply registered as citizens under the Citizenship Act. Whether your home country allows a second nationality depends on its own law, so check it before you apply.

Legal basis: Constitution of Antigua and Barbuda, s. 115; Citizenship by Investment Act 2013, s. 3 ↗

Children born in Antigua and Barbuda are citizens at birth. A child born abroad to a citizen by investment is not a citizen automatically, but has the right to be registered as a citizen while still a minor, and the same applies to the next generation. Children born after approval can also be added to your file.

Legal basis: Constitution of Antigua and Barbuda, ss. 113 and 114(1)(f); CIU, dependants ↗

The Citizenship by Investment Unit of Antigua and Barbuda runs the program under the Citizenship by Investment Act, 2013 and its regulations. Since 2025 the country is also party to the Eastern Caribbean Citizenship by Investment Regulatory Authority, the regional regulator created by the OECS states that operate these programs, which sets common standards of due diligence and pricing.

Legal basis: Eastern Caribbean Citizenship by Investment Regulatory Authority Agreement Act 2025 (No. 18 of 2025) ↗

Foreign nationals who make a relevant investment in Argentina as defined by the Ministry of Economy can apply for citizenship whatever the time of their residence, under article 2 of the Citizenship Law as amended by Decree 366/2025. The program opens to applications in the fourth quarter of 2026; Orience registers families' interest meanwhile.

Legal basis: Citizenship Law (Law 346), art. 2(2), as amended by Decree 366/2025 ↗

According to the Ministry of Economy's announcement of 2 October 2026, there are two options: a direct, non-refundable contribution of USD 350,000 to the National Treasury, or the subscription of a USD 800,000 public bond created for the program. The amounts are not yet in a published norm, so they may be adjusted when the regulations are issued.

Legal basis: Ministry of Economy, announcement of 2 October 2026 ↗

The USD 350,000 option is a direct, non-refundable contribution to the National Treasury, as announced by the Ministry of Economy. The USD 800,000 option is a public bond, an investment whose terms will be set by the program's regulations. Your advisor explains the difference before you choose.

Legal basis: Ministry of Economy, announcement of 2 October 2026 ↗

Yes. Law 346, as amended by Decree 366/2025, grants citizenship to foreigners who make a relevant investment, and neither the law nor Decree 524/2025 requires you to renounce your nationality of origin. Check that your home country allows a second nationality.

Legal basis: Law 346, art. 2 (Decree 366/2025); Decree 524/2025 ↗

Children born in Argentina are Argentine by birth. A child born abroad can opt for Argentine citizenship only if the parent is a native-born Argentine, so the children of a citizen by investment born abroad do not inherit it; children born in Argentina do, and their own children born abroad can then opt. Plan where your children are born with your advisor.

Legal basis: Law 346, art. 1(1) and (2) ↗

The announcement provides for family members: spouses and single, childless children aged 18 to 25 contribute USD 100,000 each to the National Treasury, and children under 18 contribute USD 25,000 each. The Ministry gave USD 500,000 as the figure for a typical family.

Legal basis: Ministry of Economy, announcement of 2 October 2026 ↗

Not yet. The Ministry of Economy announced on 2 October 2026 that the program will be operational to receive applications during the fourth quarter of 2026, and the Agency's Executive Director was appointed in April 2026. Orience registers families' interest now and files when applications open.

Legal basis: Ministry of Economy, announcement of 2 October 2026; Decree 285/2026 ↗

The recitals of Decree 366/2025 state that Argentine citizens can travel to more than 170 countries without a visa; the exact count changes as agreements change. Orience's figure is 169 destinations as of January 2026. Check the requirements of each country before you travel.

Legal basis: Decree 366/2025, recitals ↗

Any non-EU national who makes a qualifying investment in Greece can apply, either by buying property under article 100 of the Immigration Code or through one of the financial routes of article 99. Your spouse or registered partner, your unmarried children under 21 and the parents of both spouses can be included in the same application. The permit does not require you to live in Greece.

Legal basis: Law 5038/2023 (Immigration Code), arts. 95, 99 and 100 ↗

For real estate, the minimum is EUR 800,000 in Attica, Thessaloniki, Mykonos, Santorini and islands with more than 3,100 inhabitants, and EUR 400,000 in the rest of Greece, always in a single property of at least 120 m². EUR 250,000 is enough for a commercial property converted to residential use, a listed building to be restored, or a capital contribution to a registered Greek startup. Financial routes start at EUR 350,000 in mutual funds and EUR 500,000 in government bonds, a fixed-term deposit or a Greek company.

Legal basis: Law 5038/2023, art. 100 par. 2 (as replaced by art. 64 of Law 5100/2024) and art. 99 ↗

You can rent it on a standard long-term lease, but not as short-term accommodation in the sharing economy, and you cannot sub-let it. Breaking that rule carries a fine of EUR 50,000 and the revocation of the permit. The property must stay in your name for the permit to be renewed.

Legal basis: Law 5038/2023, art. 100 par. 7A and 8 (as replaced by art. 64 of Law 5100/2024) ↗

Yes, for as long as you want to hold the permit. The residence permit is issued for five years and renewed for equal periods only while you still own the property, or while the lease, fund or deposit that qualified you remains in force. If you sell, the permit is not renewed and your right passes to the buyer if the buyer is a non-EU national.

Legal basis: Law 5038/2023, art. 100 par. 1, 4 and 9 (as replaced by art. 64 of Law 5100/2024) ↗

Your spouse or registered partner, your unmarried children under 21 (including the children of either partner under their custody) and the direct ascendants of both of you, meaning your parents and your parents-in-law. Each family member receives their own residence permit for the same period as yours. The law does not set an upper age limit for parents.

Legal basis: Law 5038/2023, art. 95 par. 2 ↗

Yes. The Immigration Code admits the direct ascendants of the investor and of the investor's spouse or partner as family members, so both sets of parents can join the application. They receive a residence permit for the same duration as yours and renew it with you. You prove the relationship with birth and marriage certificates, legalized and translated.

Legal basis: Law 5038/2023, art. 95 par. 2 ↗

Children are included as family members while they are unmarried and under 21. When they reach 21 they do not lose their status: the Code grants them an autonomous residence permit of three years, which they can renew on their own terms. This is why many families apply while their children are still minors or students.

Legal basis: Law 5038/2023, art. 95 par. 2 ↗

By law, the authorities issue the permit within two months of receiving a complete file, and the official procedure pages estimate 50 to 60 days. In practice Orience families typically allow six to 12 months from the first conversation to the residence card, because the property search, the purchase and the biometric appointment come first. Once you have applied, you can wait in Greece or abroad.

Legal basis: Law 5038/2023, art. 100 par. 10; MITOS procedure pages ↗

The real estate route requires a single property that meets the minimum price and, where the threshold applies, the 120 m² of main areas. You cannot add up several smaller properties to reach EUR 800,000 or EUR 400,000. Once you hold the permit, nothing stops you from buying other properties as an ordinary owner, but they do not count toward the permit.

Legal basis: Law 5038/2023, art. 100 par. 2 (as replaced by art. 64 of Law 5100/2024) ↗

Law 5100/2024 raised the real estate thresholds to EUR 800,000 in the prime areas and EUR 400,000 elsewhere, always in a single property of at least 120 m², and kept EUR 250,000 only for conversions and listed buildings. The old thresholds applied only to purchases with a 10% deposit and a dated pre-contract by 31 August 2024, completed by 31 December 2024. From 1 September 2024 no transitional rule applies.

Legal basis: Circular 9 of 2024 of the Ministry of Migration and Asylum ↗

No. There is no minimum stay: the law states that periods of absence from Greece are not an obstacle to renewing the permit. You can keep the permit while living in your home country and use Greece for holidays, family visits or as a second home. If you do want to settle, the permit allows you to live in Greece all year.

Legal basis: Law 5038/2023, art. 100 par. 4 (as replaced by art. 64 of Law 5100/2024) ↗

No. The investor residence permit does not give access to employment in Greece, for you or for your family members. You can hold shares in companies and manage your own investments, but a salaried job requires a different permit. Many families keep their professional life abroad and use the permit for residence and travel.

Legal basis: Law 5038/2023, art. 100 par. 8 (as replaced by art. 64 of Law 5100/2024) ↗

The permit is issued for five years and renewed for five more each time, as long as you still own the property or keep the qualifying investment. You file the renewal before the current permit expires, with updated proof of the investment and a valid passport. Time spent outside Greece is not an obstacle to renewal.

Legal basis: Law 5038/2023, art. 100 par. 1 and 4 (as replaced by art. 64 of Law 5100/2024) ↗

Selling the property ends your right to renew the permit, because the law ties it to ownership. If you sell to another non-EU national, the right to apply passes to the buyer, and your own permit is revoked. If you plan to sell, buy a replacement property that meets the threshold first and keep the permit uninterrupted.

Legal basis: Law 5038/2023, art. 100 par. 9 (as replaced by art. 64 of Law 5100/2024) ↗

Main applicants aged at least 18 who pass the Investment Migration Agency's due diligence and make a qualifying contribution or investment, together with their eligible family members. You contact an Authorised International Marketing Agent such as Orience's partner, and the Authorised Local Agent files the application in Grenada.

Legal basis: Citizenship by Investment Regulations, 2013 (SRO No. 17 of 2013) ↗

A contribution of USD 235,000 to the National Transformation Fund for the main applicant and up to three dependants; or real estate in an approved project from USD 350,000, or USD 270,000 per share in a tourism accommodation unit bought by two or more investors and valued at a minimum of USD 540,000. The real estate route adds a government contribution.

Legal basis: Citizenship by Investment (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations, 2024 (SRO No. 15 of 2024) ↗

Yes. The interview is mandatory and forms part of the due diligence. The main applicant, the spouse, the sponsor and every dependant aged 17 or over attend, online or in person. Orience prepares your family beforehand.

Legal basis: Citizenship by Investment (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations, 2024 (SRO No. 15 of 2024) ↗

Yes. Grenada allows dual citizenship and does not require you to renounce any other nationality: the Constitution only provides for voluntary renunciation, and the Citizenship by Investment Act gives the investor every right of a citizen. Check that your home country also accepts a second passport.

Legal basis: Constitution of Grenada, Chapter VII; Grenada Citizenship by Investment Act 2013, s. 11(6) ↗

Yes for your children. Under the Constitution, a child born outside Grenada to a Grenadian parent who did not acquire citizenship by that same descent rule is a citizen at birth, and a citizen by investment qualifies. Grandchildren born abroad to that child are not covered automatically; if the child is born in Grenada, the chain continues.

Legal basis: Constitution of Grenada, ss. 96 and 97 ↗

Yes. The investment may not be disposed of for program purposes until five years from the grant of citizenship; after that, the next buyer may qualify for the program with the same property. Selling earlier can affect your citizenship. The property can be used or rented meanwhile, subject to the project's rules.

Legal basis: Citizenship by Investment Regulations, 2013 (SRO No. 17 of 2013) ↗

Your application goes through an Authorised International Marketing Agent, Orience's partner in Grenada, and an Authorised Local Agent in Grenada submits the file to the Investment Migration Agency and applies for the passports once citizenship is granted. Orience coordinates both so that you have a single point of contact throughout.

Legal basis: Citizenship by Investment Regulations, 2013 (SRO No. 17 of 2013) ↗

In March 2024 Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada and St Kitts and Nevis agreed a regional minimum investment of USD 200,000, and Grenada's regulations and the Agency's Circular No. 2 of 2024 set the current amounts: USD 235,000 for the fund route and higher thresholds for real estate. In 2025 the Agency also banned illegal discounting and owner financing of real estate.

Legal basis: IMA Circular No. 2 of 2024; OECS Memorandum of Agreement (March 2024) ↗

Non-EU and non-Schengen nationals aged 18 or over who commit to one of the four types of qualifying investment can apply, as can the legal representative of a foreign company that makes the investment. You first obtain a certificate of no impediment (nulla osta) from the Investor Visa for Italy Committee, then the visa at your consulate. Your family can enter with you under family reunification rules.

Legal basis: Consolidated Immigration Act, art. 26-bis; Investor Visa for Italy operating manual (2021) ↗

There are four types of qualifying investment: EUR 250,000 in an innovative start-up registered in Italy, EUR 500,000 in shares of a limited or joint-stock company incorporated and resident in Italy, listed or not, EUR 2,000,000 in Italian government securities, or a philanthropic donation of EUR 1,000,000 to a project of public interest in culture, education, research, immigration management or the preservation of cultural and natural heritage. You make the investment once you are in Italy and keep it as a condition of your residence permit.

Legal basis: Consolidated Immigration Act (Legislative Decree 286/1998), art. 26-bis, para. 1 ↗

After you enter Italy, not before. You prove that you have the funds and that they come from a lawful source when you apply for the nulla osta, and you commit to invest within three months of your entry into Italy. The investment must then be kept for the whole validity of the residence permit.

Legal basis: Consolidated Immigration Act, art. 26-bis, para. 1(c) ↗

Yes, for as long as you hold the permit. You make the investment once you have the nulla osta and the visa and have arrived in Italy, and keeping it is a condition of the permit. The residence permit is issued for two years and renewed for three-year periods, and each renewal requires a new nulla osta from the Committee confirming that the investment is still in place. If you withdraw it, the permit is revoked.

Legal basis: Consolidated Immigration Act, art. 26-bis, paras. 5 and 6 ↗

Italian citizenship by naturalization requires ten years of legal residence for non-EU nationals, with continuous registration in the municipal population register and valid permits throughout, and is granted at the discretion of the State. You must prove Italian at B1 level or higher with a certificate from one of the recognized university bodies, and there is no civics exam. Italy allows dual citizenship, so you keep your current passport. Shorter routes: two years of legal residence if a parent or grandparent was Italian by birth, and three years if you were born in Italy.

Legal basis: Law 91/1992 on citizenship, arts. 5, 9, 9.1 and 11 (Normattiva, consolidated text); Ministry of the Interior, citizenship by residence under art. 9 ↗

These family members can come with you, and each of them also needs a nulla osta: your spouse, if not legally separated and aged 18 or over; your unmarried minor children, including your spouse’s and those born outside marriage, with the consent of the other parent where there is one; adult children who depend on you because a total disability prevents them from providing for themselves; and dependent parents who have no other children in their country of origin, or parents over 65 whose other children cannot support them for serious, documented health reasons.

Legal basis: Consolidated Immigration Act, art. 26-bis, para. 8, and arts. 29-30 ↗

The nulla osta is valid for six months, during which you apply for the visa. The investor visa is issued for two years for the main applicant and for one year for family members. Once in Italy, you apply within eight working days for a two-year residence permit, renewable for three-year periods while the investment is maintained.

Legal basis: Consolidated Immigration Act, art. 26-bis, paras. 5-6; operating manual (2021) ↗

By law, the Committee must decide on a complete nulla osta application within 30 days, a term that is suspended if more documents are requested. In practice government delays can extend it, and the answer often arrives after two to three months. The rest depends on official timings such as the consular appointment, but the whole process is usually completed in four to five months.

Legal basis: Investor Visa for Italy operating manual (2021), procedure ↗

Not for the first step: the nulla osta is requested online through the Committee's platform. You then collect the visa at the Italian consulate of your place of residence and, within eight working days of entering Italy, you apply in person at the police headquarters (Questura) for the residence permit.

Legal basis: Investor Visa for Italy operating manual (2021) ↗

A scanned copy of your passport and your CV; proof that you own the funds for the investment and an official letter from the institution where they are deposited, following a template; legalized criminal record certificates from every country where you have lived for more than 12 consecutive months in the last ten years since the age of 18; a description of the investment; the consent of the recipients; and a declaration of commitment to the use of the funds. The Committee can ask for more documents, which suspends the 30-day term.

Legal basis: Consolidated Immigration Act, art. 26-bis, para. 1(b)-(c) ↗

The law requires you to prove both that the funds are available and that they come from a lawful source, and the Committee reviews that evidence before issuing the nulla osta. The documents depend on where the funds come from, such as a donation, the sale of assets, a business, an inheritance, a divorce settlement or a prize, and each one must show the date, the amount, who paid the funds and who received them. Your advisor prepares the file so that the origin of each amount is traceable.

Legal basis: Consolidated Immigration Act, art. 26-bis, para. 1(b) ↗

The investor visa rules do not set a minimum number of days in Italy; what they require is that the investment is maintained for the whole validity of the permit. Long-term residence and citizenship do have residence requirements of their own. An Orience advisor explains what fits your plans before you decide where to spend the year.

Legal basis: Consolidated Immigration Act, art. 26-bis ↗

The first permit lasts two years and each renewal three. Before it expires you ask the Committee for a new nulla osta, which checks that the investment is still in place, and then renew the permit at the Questura. Keep the proof of the investment up to date so that each renewal is straightforward.

Legal basis: Consolidated Immigration Act, art. 26-bis, para. 6 ↗

No. The residence permit and tax residence are separate matters: tax residence depends on where you actually live and keep your interests, not on holding a permit. Italy does offer new tax residents a flat tax of EUR 300,000 a year on foreign income, plus EUR 50,000 per family member, for up to fifteen years. Ask a tax advisor before you plan your stays.

Legal basis: Income Tax Code (Presidential Decree 917/1986), art. 24-bis ↗

A qualifying route designed by Orience with our partners in Italy, from EUR 250,000, that meets the investor visa requirements. We share the details, the partners and the documents with each family personally, never on this website, and an Orience advisor walks you through the structure before you decide.

Legal basis: Consolidated Immigration Act, art. 26-bis ↗

Yes. The Orience solution in Italy is designed to meet the official requirements of the program, set out in the law linked below, which is the route your family applies through. Your advisor explains how the solution fits the program before you commit to anything.

Legal basis: Consolidated Immigration Act, art. 26-bis ↗

Orience, a European firm with more than a decade of experience in citizenship and residency by investment, together with our local partners in Italy. Your advisor shares the details with each family personally.

The holding period and the exit conditions are set out in the program documentation that your advisor sends you before you decide. We do not publish them on this page, because they depend on the route you choose and on the rules in force when you apply. Go through that documentation with your advisor and with your own advisors.

You can, and the law does not require you to invest through Orience. Our solution is designed so that the investment and the investor visa fit together from the start, with the documents and the timing the program expects, and our team accompanies you from the first conversation to the permit and its renewals. Many families prefer one team responsible for the whole process.

Non-EU nationals who invest in the share capital of a Latvian company and pay the state budget contribution can apply for a temporary residence permit. Since 15 September 2026 the new Immigration Law no longer grants permits for buying real estate or for subordinated bank deposits, so the company route is the one that remains open.

Legal basis: PMLP, New Immigration Law takes effect (15 September 2026) ↗

The company route requires EUR 100,000 in the share capital of a company with more than 50 employees and an annual turnover or balance sheet above EUR 10 million, plus EUR 10,000 paid into the state budget. The real estate and subordinated deposit routes were abolished on 15 September 2026.

Legal basis: PMLP, Share capital investor; PMLP, New Immigration Law takes effect ↗

A new Immigration Law adopted by the Saeima on 20 August 2026 entered into force on 15 September 2026. It ended temporary residence permits for real estate purchases and subordinated deposits, set a two-year term for several permit categories, abolished the annual registration and created a EUR 150,000 route through a state alternative investment fund that has not yet been set up.

Legal basis: PMLP, New Immigration Law takes effect (15 September 2026) ↗

The investor permit is temporary, so the path to citizenship has two stages: after five years in Latvia you can apply for a permanent residence permit, and naturalization requires having lived in Latvia with that permanent permit for the following five years, with at most one year of absence in total and none in the last year. You pass exams in Latvian (oral and written), the principles of the Constitution, the national anthem and Latvian history and culture, administered by the Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs. Dual citizenship is only kept by nationals of EU, EFTA and NATO countries, Australia, Brazil and New Zealand; everyone else must renounce the previous nationality before the oath.

Legal basis: Citizenship Law, sections 9, 12, 13, 20 and 21 (official translation, State Language Centre, as amended to 21 April 2022); OCMA (PMLP), naturalisation and dual citizenship ↗

Yes, for as long as you want to hold and renew the permit. The company must keep operating and the investment must remain in its share capital, and the state budget contribution of EUR 10,000 is paid once, when the first permit is granted. Withdrawing the capital ends the basis of the permit.

Legal basis: PMLP, Share capital investor ↗

Latvia suspended first-time temporary residence permits for citizens of Russia and Belarus in April 2022, and the current rules for those nationalities should be confirmed with the PMLP before applying. Citizens of other countries are not subject to that restriction.

Legal basis: PMLP, Latvia temporarily suspends temporary residence permits for Russian and Belarusian citizens ↗

Non-EU nationals aged 18 or over who hold a qualifying property in Malta, pay the government fees and contribution, make the donation and hold assets of at least EUR 500,000 (including EUR 150,000 in financial assets) or EUR 650,000 (including EUR 75,000 in financial assets). Applications go through an agent licensed by Residency Malta Agency.

Legal basis: Malta Permanent Residence Programme Regulations (S.L. 217.26), regs. 3, 9 and 15 ↗

There are two property routes: buy a home for at least EUR 375,000 in Malta or Gozo, or rent one for at least EUR 14,000 a year, in both cases for at least five years. Both routes add the government administration fee of EUR 60,000, the government contribution of EUR 37,000 and a EUR 2,000 donation to a registered Maltese NGO.

Legal basis: S.L. 217.26, reg. 3 and First Schedule (Legal Notice 146 of 2025) ↗

The non-refundable administration fee of EUR 60,000 is paid in two stages: EUR 15,000 within one month of filing and EUR 45,000 within two months of the letter of approval in principle. The EUR 37,000 government contribution is paid within eight months of the approval in principle.

Legal basis: S.L. 217.26, First Schedule (Legal Notice 146 of 2025) ↗

Yes. The purchased or rented property must be held for at least five years from the date the residence certificate is issued, and the assets of EUR 500,000 or EUR 650,000 must also be maintained for the first five years. After that you can change property, as long as you keep a qualifying residence in Malta.

Legal basis: S.L. 217.26, reg. 3 and reg. 9(2) ↗

Maltese citizenship by naturalization is at the discretion of the Minister. The law requires residence in Malta throughout the twelve months before the application and periods adding up to at least four years within the six years before that, so in practice five of the last seven years, together with adequate knowledge of Maltese or English and good conduct; the Minister may also count earlier periods. There is no formal language or civics exam. Malta allows dual citizenship, so you keep your current passport. Spouses of Maltese citizens can register after five years of marriage and cohabitation.

Legal basis: Maltese Citizenship Act (Cap. 188), arts. 6(2)(b), 7 and 10(1); Komunità Malta, acquisition of citizenship ↗

Your spouse or partner in an equivalent relationship, children under 18, unmarried children aged 18 to 28 who depend on you, adult children with a disability, and your parents and grandparents, and those of your spouse, if they depend on you.

Legal basis: S.L. 217.26, reg. 3 (definition of dependant) and First Schedule ↗

Yes. Parents and grandparents of the main applicant or of the spouse can be included as dependants when they are wholly and principally dependent on you, with proof of the relationship and of the support. They receive their own residence card for the same period as yours.

Legal basis: S.L. 217.26, reg. 3 (definition of dependant) ↗

Yes. Since July 2025, when you submit the application you and your dependants can request a temporary residence permit valid for one year, renewable for further one-year periods until the application is decided. It lets the family settle and enroll children in school without waiting for the final certificate.

Legal basis: S.L. 217.26, reg. 9(6), added by Legal Notice 146 of 2025 ↗

The application is filed by your licensed agent in Malta, so you do not need to travel to file it. You travel for the biometric data and the residence cards once the approval is granted, and to choose the property if you have not done so before.

Legal basis: Residency Malta Agency, MPRP; S.L. 217.26, reg. 5 ↗

The residence itself is indefinite; the card is renewed every five years, with proof that you still hold a qualifying property and meet the program conditions. Your licensed agent handles the renewal with the Agency.

Legal basis: Residency Malta Agency, MPRP ↗

Principal applicants aged at least 18 who pass the due diligence of the Program Office and its approved firms and make the contribution, together with their eligible dependents. Applications are lodged only through a licensed Agent; Orience works with its licensed partner and prepares the file with you.

Legal basis: Economic and Climate Resilience Citizenship Act 2024 (No. 15 of 2024), as amended ↗

The standard contribution is US$115,000 for the principal applicant since 29 January 2026, and it rises with eligible dependents aged 16 or above and with siblings. The contribution is paid only after approval in principle.

Legal basis: Economic and Climate Resilience Citizenship (Amendment) Regulations 2026 (SL 2 of 2026) ↗

Yes. Under the Iruwa Initiative, a special project designated by the Government, the principal applicant's contribution is reduced by US$25,000, to US$90,000, for applications accepted up to 31 December 2026. Orience confirms the deadline with the Program Office before you file.

Legal basis: Designation of the Iruwa Initiative Special Project (SL 4 of 2026); Extension (SL 28 of 2026) ↗

Your spouse in a monogamous relationship; your children, including adopted children; the parents and grandparents of you or your spouse; and the siblings of you or your spouse or de facto partner. The Act sets no age limits for dependents.

Legal basis: Economic and Climate Resilience Citizenship Act 2024 (No. 15 of 2024), as amended ↗

The Program Office typically takes three to four months from submission to the passport, and by regulation it must verify the application within 90 days of submission. Orience families typically allow a few extra weeks to gather the documents before filing and to receive the passports after the oath.

Legal basis: Economic and Climate Resilience Citizenship Regulations 2024 (SL 31 of 2024), reg. 13(3); Program Office ↗

The principal applicant and dependents aged 16 or over may be required to attend an interview, virtual or in person, conducted by an approved due diligence firm. It is not systematic, but you should expect it. Orience prepares your family beforehand.

Legal basis: Economic and Climate Resilience Citizenship Regulations 2024 (SL 31 of 2024) ↗

Yes. The Program Office states that Naoero allows dual citizenship, so you keep your current nationality when you become a citizen of Naoero. The relevant section of the Citizenship Act is published on the official law website; your home country's own rules on a second passport still apply.

Legal basis: Naoero Program Office, FAQ; Naoero Economic and Climate Resilience Citizenship Act 2024 (RONLAW) ↗

For now, passports are still issued under the name Nauru, and they remain valid: the change of name is an administrative transition and does not affect passports issued during this period. Citizenship certificates issued under the program already bear the new official name, Republic of Naoero. The Program Office will announce when passports with the new name become available.

Legal basis: Naoero Program Office, Circular «Official Name Change to the Republic of Naoero» (August 2026)

After approval in principle, within 30 days of the approval letter. Your capital therefore is not committed until the Program Office has approved your family. The passports are issued once the contribution is received and the oath is taken.

Legal basis: Economic and Climate Resilience Citizenship Regulations 2024 (SL 31 of 2024) ↗

Yes. After approval you can add a spouse, a child, a grandchild or any other eligible dependent, with no contribution for a child up to two years or an adopted child under 18 within three years. The same eligibility rules apply, and your advisor confirms the amounts before you apply.

Legal basis: Economic and Climate Resilience Citizenship (Amendment) Regulations (No. 2) 2025 (SL 52 of 2025) ↗

Yes. The Act lists the parents and grandparents of you or your spouse, and the siblings of you or your spouse or de facto partner, among the eligible dependents, without age limits. Siblings and dependents aged 16 or above increase the contribution.

Legal basis: Economic and Climate Resilience Citizenship Act 2024 (No. 15 of 2024), as amended ↗

Foreign nationals who make a qualifying investment in Panama with funds of foreign origin can apply for permanent residence as a Qualified Investor. The application can be filed from abroad through a Panamanian attorney, before you travel, and your spouse, children and dependent parents can be included.

Legal basis: Executive Decree 722/2020, art. 1; MICI, Qualified Investor ↗

USD 300,000 in new, first-sale real estate or USD 500,000 in resale property; USD 500,000 in securities through a licensed brokerage; or a fixed-term deposit of USD 750,000 in a licensed bank, reduced to USD 500,000 at Banco Nacional de Panamá or Caja de Ahorros. In every route the investment is kept for at least five years.

Legal basis: Executive Decree 17 of 8 September 2026 (MICI) ↗

Only above the threshold. The USD 300,000 must be paid in cash and free of liens; only the value of the property above that amount may be financed with a mortgage from a local bank. The funds must come from abroad and belong to the applicant.

Legal basis: Executive Decree 193/2024, art. 2 (amending Executive Decree 722/2020) ↗

Yes, for at least five years, with annual proof to the Ministry of Commerce and Industries that the investment is maintained. Selling or withdrawing it before that time can lead to the cancellation of the residence. After five years you may dispose of it freely.

Legal basis: MICI, Qualified Investor ↗

Naturalization requires five consecutive years of residence counted from the resolution that granted you permanent residence. The period is reduced to three years if you have both a Panamanian spouse and a child born in Panama, and to the period your own country applies to Panamanians if you are Spanish or Latin American by birth: two years for Spaniards. The Electoral Tribunal tests your Spanish and your knowledge of Panamanian history, geography and institutions, with exemptions for Spanish and Latin American nationals by reciprocity. You must renounce your original nationality, unless you are a national of a country that applies reciprocity.

Legal basis: Political Constitution, arts. 10 and 13; Decree-Law 3 of 2008, arts. 120-130 ↗

Your spouse, your children and your dependent parents. Children aged 18 to 25 qualify while they are unmarried full-time students.

Legal basis: MICI, Qualified Investor; Executive Decree 722/2020, art. 4.2 ↗

Yes. Dependent parents of the main applicant can be included as dependants, with proof of kinship and of financial dependency, and they receive permanent residence together with the rest of the family. They follow the same document checks as any other dependant.

Legal basis: MICI, Qualified Investor ↗

The Ministry of Commerce and Industries has 15 business days to issue the investment certificate, and the National Migration Service must decide on the application within 30 business days once the file is complete. Before filing, allow time to complete the investment and to legalize the documents.

Legal basis: Executive Decree 17 of 8 September 2026 (MICI) ↗

No. The application can be filed by your attorney in Panama before you enter the country, and you travel later to complete the registration and collect your residence card. After that, you keep the permanent residence as long as you are not away from Panama for more than two years, unless the National Migration Service justifies and authorizes a longer absence.

Legal basis: MICI, Qualified Investor ↗

A passport, proof of the investment (purchase deed and Public Registry certificate for real estate, brokerage or bank certificates for the other routes), proof that the funds came from abroad, a criminal record certificate, a health certificate and the official fee receipts, all apostilled and translated into Spanish. Real estate also needs the ANATI certification.

Legal basis: MICI, Qualified Investor; Executive Decree 722/2020 ↗

The investment must be funded from a foreign source and belong to the applicant, and you prove it with bank transfers from abroad and supporting documents. The Ministry of Commerce and Industries certifies the investment before the National Migration Service decides on the residence.

Legal basis: Executive Decree 17 of 8 September 2026 (MICI) ↗

No. Permanent residence can be cancelled only if you are away from Panama for more than two years, unless the absence is justified and authorized by the National Migration Service. Many families keep their life abroad and use Panama as a second base; if you later want citizenship, you will need consecutive years of residence.

Legal basis: MICI, Qualified Investor ↗

Permanent residence allows you to live in Panama and manage your investments. Working for a Panamanian employer requires a work permit from the Ministry of Labor, which permanent residents can request under the general rules. An Orience advisor explains the options for your family.

Legal basis: Executive Decree 722/2020, art. 1 ↗

A real estate solution designed by Orience, from USD 300,000 in new, first-sale property, that meets the Qualified Investor requirements. We share the project, the developer and the documents with each family personally, never on this website, and an Orience advisor walks you through it before you decide.

Legal basis: Executive Decree 17 of 8 September 2026 (MICI) ↗

Yes. The Orience solution in Panama is designed to meet the official requirements of the program, set out in the law linked below, which is the route your family applies through. Your advisor explains how the solution fits the program before you commit to anything.

Legal basis: Executive Decree 17 of 8 September 2026 (MICI) ↗

Orience, a European firm with more than a decade of experience in citizenship and residency by investment, with its own team for Panama. Your advisor shares the details with each family personally.

The holding period and the exit conditions are set out in the program documentation that your advisor sends you before you decide. We do not publish them on this page, because they depend on the route you choose and on the rules in force when you apply. Go through that documentation with your advisor and with your own advisors.

You can, and the law does not require you to invest through Orience. Our solution is designed so that the investment and the permanent residence fit together from the start, with the documents and the timing the program expects, and our team accompanies you from the first conversation to the permit and its renewals. Many families prefer one team responsible for the whole process.

Non-EU nationals who make one of the qualifying investments and enter Portugal legally can apply for the residence permit for investment (ARI). The investment must be made by you, personally or through a single-shareholder company, and kept for at least five years. Your family can join through family reunification.

Legal basis: Law 23/2007, art. 90-A; AIMA, residence permit for investment ↗

EUR 500,000 in units of non-real-estate investment funds with at least five years to maturity, EUR 500,000 to incorporate or increase the capital of a Portuguese company creating at least five jobs, EUR 500,000 in scientific research (EUR 400,000 in low-density areas), EUR 250,000 in cultural heritage or artistic production, or the creation of ten jobs. Real estate and the EUR 1.5 million capital transfer are no longer accepted.

Legal basis: Law 23/2007, art. 3(1)(d), as worded by Law 56/2023 ↗

No. Since Law 56/2023 came into force on 7 October 2023, no new applications are accepted for the purchase or rehabilitation of real estate, and funds that invest directly or indirectly in real estate do not qualify. Permits granted before that date keep their validity and are renewed under the previous rules.

Legal basis: Law 56/2023, art. 42 ↗

Yes, for at least five years from the date the permit is granted. Each renewal requires proof that the investment is still in place, and the fund units must have at least five years to maturity when you subscribe. Selling before that time ends your right to renew.

Legal basis: Law 23/2007, art. 3(1)(d); AIMA, residence permit for investment ↗

Since 19 May 2026, naturalization requires ten years of legal residence, or seven for nationals of Portuguese-speaking countries and EU member states, counting all legal periods within a twelve-year window. You prove Portuguese at A2 level through the IAVE test or a certificate, show knowledge of Portuguese culture, history and institutions, and make a solemn declaration; the format of that civics test is still to be regulated. Portugal allows dual nationality, so you keep your current passport.

Legal basis: Nationality Act (Law 37/81), arts. 6(1), 8 and 15, as amended by Organic Law 1/2026; Ministerial Order 176/2014, art. 2 ↗

The first permit is valid for two years from the date the card is issued, and renewals are granted for further periods while the investment is maintained and you meet the minimum stay. You file the renewal online before the permit expires.

Legal basis: AIMA, residence permit for investment; Ordinance 307/2023 ↗

The residence permit for investment has been in force since 8 October 2012. It has changed several times since then, most recently with Law 56/2023, which closed the real estate and capital transfer routes, and with the 2026 reform of the Nationality Law, which raised the residence required for citizenship.

Legal basis: AIMA, residence permit for investment ↗

Applicants who pass the Citizenship by Investment Unit's due diligence, declare financial resources of at least US$350,000 in a sworn affidavit and make a qualifying contribution or investment, together with their qualifying dependants. Applications are submitted only through a licensed Authorised Agent; Orience works with its partner in Saint Lucia.

Legal basis: Citizenship by Investment Regulations (S.I. 89 of 2015), as amended ↗

A contribution of US$240,000 to the National Economic Fund for an applicant with up to three qualifying dependants; US$300,000 in National Action Bonds; US$300,000 in an approved real estate project; or US$250,000 in a Cabinet-approved enterprise project.

Legal basis: Citizenship by Investment (Amendment) Regulations, 2024 (S.I. 28 of 2024) ↗

You buy US$300,000 of National Action Bonds, whatever the number of dependants. The bonds bear no interest and are held for five years, after which the capital is returned. It suits families who prefer to recover the principal rather than make a contribution.

Legal basis: Citizenship by Investment (Amendment) Regulations, 2024 (S.I. 28 of 2024) ↗

Your spouse; children of you or your spouse aged 21 or under; children up to 30 whom you fully support; parents of you or your spouse over 55 whom you fully support; unmarried siblings under 18 with parental consent; and any physically or mentally challenged person you fully support. Each qualifying dependant receives citizenship with you.

Legal basis: Citizenship by Investment Act, Cap. 1.20, as amended ↗

After approval. The qualifying investment is paid within 90 days of the grant of citizenship, so your capital is not committed until the Unit has approved your family.

Legal basis: Citizenship by Investment Regulations (S.I. 89 of 2015), as amended ↗

Yes. The Constitution of Saint Lucia does not prohibit dual citizenship and only provides for voluntary renunciation, and the Citizenship by Investment Act registers you as a citizen without asking you to give up any other nationality. Confirm that your home country accepts a second passport.

Legal basis: Constitution of Saint Lucia, ss. 99-103; Citizenship by Investment Act 2015, s. 30 ↗

Under the Constitution, a child born abroad to a Saint Lucian citizen who did not obtain citizenship by that same rule is a citizen at birth, which covers citizens by investment; grandchildren born abroad to that child are not covered automatically. A later amendment to the Citizenship Act refers to a parent or grandparent who is a citizen by birth, so ask your advisor how the authorities apply it. Children born after approval can also be added.

Legal basis: Constitution of Saint Lucia, s. 101; Citizenship of Saint Lucia Act, s. 5 (Act No. 7 of 2024); CIP FAQ ↗

The Citizenship by Investment Unit states that Saint Lucian citizens can travel to more than 146 countries without a visa or with a visa on arrival, including the United Kingdom and the Schengen area. The list changes as agreements change, so check each destination before you travel.

Legal basis: Citizenship by Investment Unit, Saint Lucia ↗

Yes. Saint Lucia approves a maximum of 1,500 applications per year under the amended regulations. The cap protects the value of the program and means that complete, well-prepared files move faster. Orience files early in the year when a family's timing allows it.

Legal basis: Citizenship by Investment (Amendment) Regulations, 2026 (S.I. 57 of 2026) ↗

Yes. Successful applicants take the prescribed oath or affirmation of allegiance and provide biometric data before the certificate of citizenship and the passport are issued. The Unit indicates where and how the oath is taken; Orience coordinates it with your Authorised Agent.

Legal basis: Citizenship by Investment (Amendment) Act, 2025 (No. 22 of 2025) ↗

Applications must be submitted through a licensed Authorised Agent in Saint Lucia; you cannot file directly with the Unit. Orience works with its licensed partner there, prepares the file with you and remains your single point of contact until the passports are delivered.

Legal basis: Citizenship by Investment Act, Cap. 1.20 ↗

An investment of US$500,000 in a completed apartment or villa in an approved real estate project, for the applicant and qualifying dependants. The property may not be sold or transferred for at least five years after the grant of citizenship and can be used or rented meanwhile.

Legal basis: Citizenship by Investment (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations, 2024 (S.I. 106 of 2024) ↗

Applicants aged at least 18, with no criminal record, who prove a legitimate source of income and pass the Citizenship by Investment Unit's due diligence, together with their eligible dependents. Applications are submitted exclusively through a licensed Marketing Agent; Orience works with its licensed partner and prepares the file with you.

Legal basis: Decree-Law No. 7/2025 of 1 August (nationality by investment or donation) ↗

A non-refundable contribution of USD 90,000 to the National Transformation Fund for a single applicant and USD 95,000 for a family of two to four. The contribution is paid only after approval in principle.

Legal basis: Decree-Law No. 7/2025 of 1 August ↗

Your spouse or de facto partner, in a monogamous marriage or partnership; your children up to 30; and the parents and grandparents of you or your spouse aged 55 and above. Each dependent is covered by the family contribution.

Legal basis: Decree-Law No. 7/2025 of 1 August ↗

Yes. The Citizenship by Investment Unit confirms that there is no requirement to give up your existing nationality, under the Nationality Law 7/2022 and Decree-Law 7/2025. Your home country's own rules on dual nationality still apply, so check them with your advisor.

Legal basis: CIU of São Tomé and Príncipe, benefits and FAQ; Nationality Law 7/2022; Decree-Law 7/2025 ↗

Yes. The Unit states that citizenship can be passed to future generations in accordance with national law. A spouse, a dependent or a newborn can also be added after approval. Orience checks the registration steps for children born abroad with the Unit.

Legal basis: CIU of São Tomé and Príncipe, FAQ and post-approval inclusion fees ↗

After approval in principle. The contribution to the National Transformation Fund is paid once the Unit has approved your family, and the citizenship documents are issued after it is received.

Legal basis: Citizenship by Investment Unit of São Tomé and Príncipe, frequently asked questions ↗

The Citizenship by Investment Unit states that the passport gives access to over 93 countries without a visa or with a visa on arrival. The list changes as agreements change, so check each destination before you travel. Orience keeps an updated list for its families.

Legal basis: Citizenship by Investment Unit of São Tomé and Príncipe ↗

Yes. After citizenship you can add a spouse, a qualifying dependent or a newborn child. The same eligibility rules apply, and your advisor confirms the amounts before you apply.

Legal basis: Citizenship by Investment Unit of São Tomé and Príncipe, fees ↗

No. The contribution to the National Transformation Fund is a donation to the State, not an investment that you recover, and it finances public projects in São Tomé and Príncipe. It is paid only after approval in principle, so you commit the money once your family has been approved.

Legal basis: Decree-Law No. 7/2025 of 1 August ↗

Applications are submitted exclusively through a Marketing Agent licensed by the Citizenship by Investment Unit; you cannot file directly. Orience works with its licensed partner, prepares the file with you and remains your single point of contact until the passports are delivered.

Legal basis: Decree-Law No. 7/2025 of 1 August ↗

Non-EU nationals who can support themselves and their family in Spain without working can apply for the non-lucrative residence, the legal basis of the Orience Passive Income Visa. You apply at the Spanish consulate of your place of residence, with proof of sufficient means, health insurance and a clean criminal record. Spain's Golden Visa was abolished on 3 April 2025 and is no longer available.

Legal basis: Immigration Regulation (Royal Decree 1155/2024), art. 61; Organic Law 1/2025, final provision 21 ↗

You must show stable income or savings of at least 400% of the IPREM per month, plus 100% of the IPREM for each family member. With the IPREM at EUR 600 a month in 2026, that is EUR 2,400 a month for the main applicant and EUR 600 more per dependant, usually proven for the first year with bank statements, pensions, rents or investment income.

Legal basis: Royal Decree 1155/2024, art. 62.1; Law 31/2022, additional provision 90 (IPREM) ↗

It is the name Orience gives to its own solution built on the non-lucrative residence: a structure, from EUR 150,000, that generates the passive income the law requires while your capital stays invested. The law does not set an investment amount; it sets an income test, and our solution is designed to meet it. We explain the structure to each family personally.

Legal basis: Royal Decree 1155/2024, art. 62 ↗

Organic Law 1/2025 left articles 63 to 67 of the Entrepreneurs Law without content, so Spain stopped accepting investor visa applications on 3 April 2025. Applications filed before that date are decided under the previous rules, and permits that were valid on that date keep their validity and are renewed under the rules in force when first granted.

Legal basis: Organic Law 1/2025, final provision 21 and transitional provisions ↗

Spanish nationality by residence requires ten years of legal, continuous residence immediately before the application, reduced to two years for nationals of Ibero-American countries, Andorra, the Philippines, Equatorial Guinea or Portugal and for Sephardic Jews, and to one year for spouses of Spaniards and for people born in Spain. You pass the DELE A2 Spanish test and the CCSE civics test of the Instituto Cervantes, and renounce your previous nationality unless you come from one of those countries. The law does not set a number of days abroad, but the residence must be continuous.

Legal basis: Civil Code, arts. 22, 23 and 24 (BOE); Law 19/2015, seventh final provision; Royal Decree 1004/2015, art. 6 ↗

Your spouse, registered partner or proven stable partner, your unmarried minor children and those of your partner, and adult children who have a disability that requires support or who cannot objectively provide for their own needs because of their health. Each family member adds 100% of the IPREM to the means you must prove.

Legal basis: Royal Decree 1155/2024, art. 61.3 and art. 62.1(b) ↗

Yes. Children included in your residence authorization can attend school in Spain, and the public system is compulsory and free from six to sixteen for every resident child. Adult children can enroll in Spanish universities under the same conditions as other residents. Ask your advisor about schooling options in the city you choose.

Legal basis: Royal Decree 1155/2024, art. 61.3 ↗

The Immigration Office has one month to decide on the residence authorization, and the consulate has one month to issue the visa once the authorization is approved: about two months in total, depending on the workload of the consulate and the office. If there is no decision within those periods, the application is considered refused, although it can still be decided favorably later.

Legal basis: Royal Decree 1155/2024, arts. 39.5 and 63.4 ↗

No. The visa is requested at the Spanish consulate of your country of residence, in person or through a representative where the consulate allows it. Once the visa is issued, you enter Spain within three months of the visa being issued and request your residence card (TIE) in person within one month of arrival.

Legal basis: Royal Decree 1155/2024, arts. 63.5 and 64 ↗

A passport, the application forms, proof of sufficient means for the first year, private or public health insurance valid in Spain, a criminal record certificate from the countries where you lived in the last five years and a medical certificate, all legalized or apostilled and translated into Spanish. The consulate may ask for an interview or additional documents.

Legal basis: Royal Decree 1155/2024, art. 62; Spanish Consulate in London ↗

Yes, if you want to renew. The regulation requires actual and effective residence in Spain for more than 183 days during the calendar year to renew the authorization, and the first authorization lasts one year from your entry. If you plan to spend most of the year elsewhere, ask your advisor about other options.

Legal basis: Royal Decree 1155/2024, art. 64.2(f) ↗

No. The non-lucrative residence does not allow any work or professional activity in Spain. You live on your own means and can manage your investments abroad. If you later want to work, you apply to change to a work authorization once you meet its requirements.

Legal basis: Royal Decree 1155/2024, art. 61.1 ↗

Yes. A Spanish residence card lets you travel to the other Schengen countries without a visa for up to 90 days in any 180-day period, under the Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement. It does not allow you to live or work in another Schengen country.

Legal basis: Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement, art. 21 ↗

The first authorization lasts one year and each renewal two years. You apply in the 60 days before it expires, with updated proof of means and insurance and proof that you spent more than 183 days a year in Spain. The Immigration Office has three months to decide, and silence means approval.

Legal basis: Royal Decree 1155/2024, art. 64.7 and 64.8 ↗

Not by itself, but living in Spain more than 183 days a year, which this permit requires for renewal, is the main test of tax residence under Spanish law, so most holders become tax residents. Plan this with a tax advisor before you move; Orience can introduce you to one.

Legal basis: Royal Decree 1155/2024, art. 64.2(f); Personal Income Tax Law 35/2006, art. 9 ↗

Yes. Spain distinguishes between visas, which let you enter the country, and residence authorizations, which let you live there. Besides the non-lucrative residence, there are routes for remote workers (the Digital Nomad Visa), highly qualified professionals, intra-company transfers, entrepreneurs and students, and other residence authorizations, such as residence and work for people hired from their country of origin. Each has its own requirements. An Orience advisor compares them with your situation.

Legal basis: Organic Law 4/2000 and Royal Decree 1155/2024; Law 14/2013 (Entrepreneurs Law) ↗

Yes. The Orience Passive Income Visa is designed to meet the official requirements of the program, set out in the law linked below, which is the route your family applies through. Your advisor explains how the solution fits the program before you commit to anything.

Legal basis: Royal Decree 1155/2024, art. 62 ↗

Orience, a European firm with more than a decade of experience in citizenship and residency by investment, together with our local partners in Spain. Your advisor shares the details with each family personally.

The holding period and the exit conditions are set out in the program documentation that your advisor sends you before you decide. We do not publish them on this page, because they depend on the route you choose and on the rules in force when you apply. Go through that documentation with your advisor and with your own advisors.

You can, and the law does not require you to invest through Orience. Our solution is designed so that the investment and the residence permit fit together from the start, with the documents and the timing the program expects, and our team accompanies you from the first conversation to the permit and its renewals. Many families prefer one team responsible for the whole process. In our experience, holding the funds in a Spanish bank account also makes it easier to prove that the means exist and are available in Spain.

Applicants who pass the Citizenship by Investment Unit's due diligence, attend the mandatory interview and make a qualifying contribution or investment, together with their eligible family members. Citizens of, and persons ordinarily resident in, Russia, Belarus, North Korea, Afghanistan, Iraq and Iran are excluded by law.

Legal basis: Citizenship by Investment (Exclusion) Order, 2023 (SRO No. 27 of 2023) ↗

A Sustainable Island State Contribution of USD 250,000 for a main applicant or a family of up to four; USD 250,000 for a unit in an Approved Public Benefit Project; real estate in an Approved Development from USD 325,000; or Approved Private Real Estate, with a condominium from USD 325,000 or a single-family home from USD 600,000.

Legal basis: Citizenship by Substantial Investment Regulations, 2024 (SRO No. 20 of 2024), as amended ↗

A contribution of USD 250,000 paid to the Unit for a unit in an Approved Public Benefit Project, such as infrastructure or housing of public interest, for a main applicant or a family of up to four. Additional dependants add USD 25,000 under 18 and USD 50,000 aged 18 or over, the same as in the Sustainable Island State Contribution.

Legal basis: Citizenship by Substantial Investment Regulations, 2024 (SRO No. 20 of 2024) ↗

Yes. Every main applicant attends an interview, virtually, in St Kitts and Nevis or at a location approved by the Board of Governors, and dependants aged 16 or over may be interviewed if the Unit considers it necessary. Orience prepares you for it and attends the scheduling with your agent.

Legal basis: Citizenship by Substantial Investment Regulations, 2024 (SRO No. 20 of 2024) ↗

Yes. St Kitts and Nevis fully recognises dual citizenship: the Constitution says a person entitled to registration cannot be required to renounce the citizenship of another country, and the Citizenship by Investment Unit confirms you keep your original nationality. Make sure your home country allows it.

Legal basis: Constitution of Saint Christopher and Nevis, s. 93; Citizenship Act, Cap. 1.05, s. 3(5) ↗

Children born in the Federation are citizens at birth. A child born abroad to a citizen by investment is not a citizen automatically: the child has a right to apply for registration before turning eighteen, and the Minister keeps discretion over children of citizens by investment. Grandchildren follow the same route. Apply for each child in good time.

Legal basis: Constitution, ss. 91 and 92(1)(g); Citizenship Act, s. 3(11)(m); Attorney General, SKNIS, 4 April 2025 ↗

Yes, for at least seven years: from the title document in Approved Developments, and from the title or the Certificate of Registration, whichever is later, for Approved Private Real Estate. The property can be used or rented meanwhile. Selling before the end of the holding period puts the citizenship at risk.

Legal basis: Citizenship by Substantial Investment Regulations, 2024 (SRO No. 20 of 2024) ↗

From 14 April 2026 all citizens who obtained citizenship through the program must enrol their biometric data, with a deadline of 31 July 2027. Orience guides existing citizens through it.

Legal basis: Citizenship by Investment Unit, St Kitts and Nevis ↗

St Kitts and Nevis established its program in 1984, under the Saint Christopher and Nevis Citizenship Act. The current rules are the Citizenship by Substantial Investment Regulations, 2024, as amended, administered by the Citizenship by Investment Unit created by the Citizenship by Investment Unit Act, 2024.

Legal basis: Saint Christopher and Nevis Citizenship Act, Cap. 1.05; Citizenship by Investment Unit Act, 2024 ↗

On 25 October 2024 the real estate thresholds were reduced, to USD 325,000 for Approved Developments and USD 600,000 for a single-family home. On 16 January 2026 the definition of dependent children was widened to unmarried children aged 18 to 29 who are substantially supported by the applicant. In 2026 biometric enrolment became mandatory for citizens by investment.

Legal basis: Citizenship by Substantial Investment (Amendment) Regulations, 2024 (SRO No. 43 of 2024) and 2026 (SRO No. 1 of 2026) ↗

Foreign nationals who make one of the qualifying investments, obtain the certificate of eligibility from the competent ministry and hold a residence permit as an investor can apply for Turkish citizenship by exceptional acquisition, with their spouse and minor or dependent children. The decision is taken by the Presidency on the proposal of the Ministry of Interior.

Legal basis: Turkish Citizenship Law No. 5901, art. 12(1)(b); Regulation 2010/139, art. 20 ↗

Real estate of at least USD 400,000 with a three-year no-sale annotation; or USD 500,000 in a bank deposit, in real estate or venture capital investment fund units, in government debt instruments, in fixed capital investment or in the private pension system, each held for three years; or the creation of jobs for at least 50 people. Amounts are in USD or the equivalent in foreign currency.

Legal basis: Regulation on the Implementation of the Turkish Citizenship Law (Decision 2010/139), art. 20, as amended by Presidential Decision No. 5554 ↗

Yes, for three years. Real estate carries a no-sale annotation on the title deed for three years, and deposits, fund units, government debt instruments and pension contributions are held for the same period. If the conditions are not kept, the citizenship decision can be cancelled under article 31 of the Citizenship Law.

Legal basis: Regulation 2010/139, art. 20; Turkish Citizenship Law No. 5901, art. 31 ↗

Your foreign spouse and the minor or dependent foreign children of you or your spouse acquire citizenship with you, under the same decision. Adult children and parents are not included; they would need their own route. Orience reviews each family's composition before the application.

Legal basis: Turkish Citizenship Law No. 5901, arts. 12 and 20 ↗

Yes. The Turkish Citizenship Law provides for multiple citizenship: a person who acquires Turkish citizenship and holds another one simply has it recorded in the civil registry, and acquisition by investment does not require renunciation. Check that your home country allows a second nationality.

Legal basis: Turkish Citizenship Law No. 5901, art. 44 ↗

Yes, without a generational limit. A child born inside or outside Türkiye to a Turkish mother or father is a Turkish citizen at birth, and the same rule applies to grandchildren. Minor children in your custody acquire citizenship with you when you are granted it, with the consent of the other parent where required.

Legal basis: Turkish Citizenship Law No. 5901, arts. 7 and 20 ↗

First, the certificate of eligibility from the ministry that oversees your type of investment. Second, a residence permit under article 31(1)(j) of the Law on Foreigners from the provincial migration directorate. Third, the citizenship application at the provincial population and citizenship directorate or at the joint offices in Ankara and Istanbul. Orience coordinates the three with your lawyer.

Legal basis: Procedures and Principles for the Exceptional Acquisition of Turkish Citizenship by Foreign Investors (NVI) ↗

The effective selling rate or cross rate of the Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye on the determination date. For real estate, that date is the date of the valuation and the title deed transaction, so the Turkish lira price must reach the USD threshold at that rate. Your advisor checks the rate before you sign.

Legal basis: Regulation 2010/139, art. 20 ↗

The conditions of the investment must be kept for the prescribed period. If they are lost, for example by selling the property or withdrawing the deposit before three years, the citizenship decision is cancelled under article 31 of the Citizenship Law. Orience reminds families of the date when the annotation can be lifted.

Legal basis: Turkish Citizenship Law No. 5901, art. 31 ↗

You deposit USD 500,000 or the equivalent in foreign currency in a bank operating in Türkiye and hold it for three years. The foreign currency is sold to the Turkish bank and on to the Central Bank, and the Turkish lira proceeds are held in a lira deposit for the three years. The bank certifies the deposit for the certificate of eligibility.

Legal basis: Regulation 2010/139, art. 20, as amended by Presidential Decision No. 5072 ↗

Property registered in your name at the Land Registry with a three-year no-sale annotation, or bought under a notarized promise-to-sell contract with the price paid, with a value of at least USD 400,000 supported by an official valuation report. Presidential Decision No. 7938 sets the conditions on the property and the seller; your lawyer checks them before you sign.

Legal basis: Presidential Decision No. 7938 (eligible real estate) ↗

Investors who own property in the UAE worth at least AED 2,000,000 can apply for the ten-year Golden Residence, whether the property is completed or bought off-plan from an approved developer. A mortgage from an approved local bank is accepted if the bank confirms that AED 2,000,000 has been paid. Your spouse, children and parents can be included.

Legal basis: ICP, Golden Residency Guide ↗

The investor route documented in official sources is real estate: one or several properties with a total value of at least AED 2,000,000, owned outright, bought off-plan from an approved local developer or financed by an approved local bank. The Golden Residence also has categories for entrepreneurs, scientists, outstanding students and talents, each with its own conditions.

Legal basis: ICP, Golden Residency Guide; u.ae, Golden visa ↗

Yes. The ICP guide accepts property financed by an approved local bank, and in Dubai the Land Department asks for a bank letter showing that AED 2,000,000 has been paid. Off-plan property from an approved developer also qualifies when the total value reaches the threshold.

Legal basis: ICP, Golden Residency Guide; Dubai Land Department, Golden Visa for investors ↗

The Golden Residence is a residence permit, not a route to nationality. Under the Nationality Law, naturalization of a non-Arab requires thirty years of continuous legal residence, proficiency in Arabic and renunciation of the previous nationality, and remains at the discretion of the authorities. Since 2021 the executive regulation allows investors who own property, doctors, scientists, inventors and creatives to be nominated for nationality by a ruler's court or the Cabinet, keeping their original nationality; you cannot apply for it directly.

Legal basis: Federal Law No. 17 of 1972 on Nationality and Passports, arts. 8, 9, 12 bis and 16; executive regulation as amended in January 2021 (u.ae) ↗

Your spouse, your children regardless of age and your parents can be sponsored under your Golden Residence, and you may also sponsor domestic workers. Each family member receives a residence for the same period, with mandatory health insurance for the whole family.

Legal basis: ICP, Golden Residency Guide ↗

No minimum stay is stated in the official sources. The u.ae portal explains that Golden visa holders are exempt from the usual rule that cancels a residence after six months outside the country, so you can keep the residence while living elsewhere.

Legal basis: u.ae, Golden visa ↗

The Golden Residence for property investors is issued for ten years and is renewable, as long as you still meet the conditions under which it was granted. Renewal is requested through the ICP or the emirate's authority before expiry, with a new medical test and Emirates ID.

Legal basis: ICP, Golden Residency Guide ↗

Yes. The ICP requires health insurance for the investor and the family members for the whole validity of the residence, and the medical fitness test is part of the application. Insurance is arranged with a UAE-licensed insurer before the residence is issued.

Legal basis: ICP, Golden Residency Guide ↗

Not by itself. The UAE levies no personal income tax and applies VAT at 5%, but tax residence in the UAE depends on the time you spend there and your ties, under the UAE's own tax residency rules, and your home country may apply its own tests. Ask a tax advisor before you plan your stays.

Legal basis: u.ae, Taxation ↗

Applicants who pass the due diligence of Vanuatu's Financial Intelligence Unit and the Citizenship Commission and pay the citizenship fee under the Development Support Program can apply, together with their family members. Applications go through an agent designated by the Citizenship Office; Orience works with its designated partner.

Legal basis: Citizenship (Development Support Program) Regulations Order No. 33 of 2019 ↗

The government citizenship fee under the Development Support Program is USD 130,000 for a single applicant, USD 150,000 for a married couple, USD 165,000 for a couple with one child and USD 180,000 for a couple with two children, according to the Government’s mandated fees.

Legal basis: Vanuatu Citizenship Office, Government mandated fees ↗

No. Since 3 February 2025 Vanuatu nationals need a visa for the Schengen area, after the European Union moved Vanuatu to the list of countries whose nationals require a visa. The passport keeps its value for other destinations and as a second nationality, but it is not a route into Europe.

Legal basis: Regulation (EU) 2025/11 of 19 December 2024 ↗

Yes. The Constitution of Vanuatu recognises dual citizenship and the Citizenship Act allows it for citizens of other states, so you keep your current passport. Dual citizens who are not indigenous or naturalised may not hold public office or vote in Vanuatu, which rarely matters to investor families.

Legal basis: Constitution of Vanuatu, art. 13; Citizenship Act [CAP 112], Part 3A ↗

A Vanuatu passport is valid for a maximum of five years and is renewed through the Passport Office. Citizenship itself does not expire. Orience reminds families of the renewal date and helps with the paperwork.

Legal basis: Vanuatu Citizenship Office ↗

You have three months from the decision letter to take the oath of allegiance and pay the citizenship fee, with a possible extension of two months on written request. The oath can be taken in Vanuatu or before an authorised official abroad, as the Citizenship Office indicates, and the passport is issued afterwards.

Legal basis: Citizenship (Development Support Program) Regulations Order No. 33 of 2019 ↗

The Development Support Program is a contribution to the Government of Vanuatu, with the fee schedule above. The Capital Investment Immigration Plan is a separate route with its own application form and an official citizenship fee from USD 260,000 for the applicant, a spouse and one child under 18, operated by three agents approved under Order No. 93 of 2023 after its suspension was lifted. Orience works mainly with the Development Support Program.

Legal basis: Order No. 93 of 2023 (CIIP agents); Citizenship Office notice ↗

No. The Development Support Program is a contribution to the Government of Vanuatu, not an investment that you recover. It is paid only after the approval letter, so you commit the money once your family has been approved.

Legal basis: Citizenship (Development Support Program) Regulations Order No. 33 of 2019 ↗