European citizenship by residence: your path to an EU passport
Obtaining European citizenship through long-term residence is one of the most reliable ways to secure stability, mobility, and rights within the European Union. This type of citizenship allows foreign nationals who have lived in a European country for an extended period to become full citizens, gaining access to benefits such as free movement, education, healthcare, and job opportunities across the 27 EU countries.
In this Orience guide, we explain how to turn your legal residence into European citizenship, the requirements, timelines, and procedures in the most sought-after countries, and how our experts help you obtain your EU passport efficiently and safely.
What is European citizenship by residence?
European citizenship by residence is a legal status obtained after living continuously and lawfully in an EU member state for a specific period. Once that period is completed, the resident may apply for the country’s nationality and, with it, the rights of a European Union citizen.
For example, a resident in Spain who has lived legally for 10 years can apply for Spanish nationality; while in Portugal or Italy, this period is reduced to 5 years. According to Eurostat 2024, more than 827,000 people acquired citizenship of a European country in the last year, with Spain, France, and Italy being the main issuers of EU passports.
General requirements to apply for European citizenship by residence
Although each country has its own rules, most share a series of essential requirements:
- Legal and continuous residence: the applicant must have lived in the country during the required period without prolonged absences.
- Stable financial means: proof of sufficient resources to support oneself without relying on public aid.
- Social integration: knowledge of the language and active participation in the country’s community life.
- No criminal record: both in the country of origin and in the country of residence.
- Knowledge of national culture and law: some countries, such as Spain or Germany, require passing specific exams.
Timeframes and conditions by country for obtaining European citizenship
The time required to apply for European citizenship by residence varies depending on the country. Below is an updated comparison:
- Spain: 10 years of legal residence; 2 years for citizens of Ibero-American countries, the Philippines, or Portugal.
- Portugal: 5 years of legal and continuous residence; no requirement to renounce the original nationality.
- Italy: 10 years of residence, but with more flexible procedures for descendants of Italians.
- Greece: 7 years, provided language and civic participation requirements are met.
- France: 5 years, or 2 if the applicant has completed studies at a French institution.
These periods can be reduced if the applicant is married to an EU citizen or has European ancestry. For example, in Portugal and Spain, marriage to a national allows applying for citizenship after 1 year of residence.
Benefits of obtaining European citizenship
Becoming a European citizen opens a range of personal and professional opportunities. The main advantages include:
- Borderless mobility: live, work, or study in any EU member state without a visa.
- Access to public healthcare and education: under the same conditions as national citizens.
- Tax and employment benefits: some countries offer tax exemptions or incentives for entrepreneurs.
- Diplomatic protection: consular assistance anywhere in the world through EU embassies.
- Simplified family reunification: possibility to bring direct relatives with fewer legal requirements.
According to the European Migration Network, 68% of those who acquire European citizenship report improved economic stability and professional mobility within two years.
Step-by-step process to apply for European citizenship
1. Obtain legal residence
The first step is to have a legal residence permit. This can be achieved through visas such as the non-lucrative residence visa, the Golden Visa (in countries where it still applies), or the digital nomad visa.
2. Maintain your status during the required period
Avoid long absences from the country and ensure your residence permits are renewed on time. Continuity is essential to meet the established timeframes.
3. Prove your integration into the country
Many European countries require proof of social and cultural integration, such as language certificates or participation in community activities.
4. Submit your nationality application
Once the legal period has been fulfilled, you must submit your application to the relevant ministry or authority, along with all required documentation translated and legalized.
5. Wait for the decision and take the oath
The processing time ranges between 6 months and 2 years. Once approved, the final step is to take the oath or pledge of allegiance to the country and receive your citizenship certificate.
Key facts about European citizenship by residence
According to a Eurobarometer 2024 study:
- 65% of European citizenship applicants do so for reasons of stability and legal security.
- More than 3.5 million foreigners hold long-term residence in the EU, with an expected growth of 12% in 2025.
- Spain and Portugal lead naturalization applications among Latin American residents.
How Orience helps you obtain your European citizenship
At Orience, we offer a comprehensive service for those seeking to obtain European citizenship by residence. Our experts in international mobility assist you throughout the entire process:
- Personalized analysis of your case and identification of the most favorable country based on your profile.
- Complete management of documentation, translations, and legalizations.
- Specialized tax and immigration advisory services.
- Monitoring of your file with the competent authorities.
Thanks to our experience in residence and nationality processes, we have helped hundreds of clients turn their temporary residence into European citizenship quickly and safely.
Frequently asked questions about European citizenship by residence
How long must I live in Europe to apply for citizenship?
It depends on the country. Generally, between 5 and 10 years of continuous legal residence are required, although exceptions exist for marriage or ancestry.
Can I keep my original nationality when obtaining European citizenship?
Yes, most European countries allow dual nationality, including Spain, Portugal, and Italy, especially when there is a bilateral agreement.
Which countries offer the fastest process for obtaining citizenship by residence?
Portugal and Malta are the countries with the most agile processes, allowing citizenship applications after 5 years of residence and with more flexible requirements.
Does citizenship by residence allow me to work throughout Europe?
Yes, once you obtain citizenship from a member state, you automatically gain the right to live and work in any European Union country.
How can I avoid rejection of my citizenship application?
30% of applications are rejected due to incomplete documentation or formal errors. With the support of Orience, you ensure a correct and delay-free application.
Conclusion
European citizenship through long-term residence is a unique opportunity to enjoy the rights and benefits offered by the European Union. With the guidance and support of Orience, you can meet every legal requirement, optimize your timeline, and achieve your goal of obtaining a European passport with complete confidence and peace of mind.