In 2025, both Spain and Italy remain key destinations for those seeking to reconnect with their European roots through citizenship by descent. However, the regulatory changes this year have transformed the legal and administrative landscape in both countries.
If you are evaluating which of the two programs suits you best, this guide will help you compare the timelines, requirements, and benefits of each option. And with the support of Orience, you will be able to make an informed and strategic decision.
Eligibility requirements
Spain: last call
In Spain, the citizenship by descent program based on the Democratic Memory Law has an expiration date: September 2025. This law allows you to obtain Spanish nationality if you have Spanish parents or grandparents, even if they were born abroad. You are not required to renounce your current citizenship, nor is prior residence in Spain required.
Italy: a permanent opportunity
Italy allows applicants to obtain citizenship via iure sanguinis (right of blood) without generational limits, as long as there have been no interruptions in the transmission of nationality (such as naturalization before the descendant’s birth). Unlike Spain, this process has no deadline, although it may require more documentation and detailed proof.
Process duration
- Spain: If all documents are submitted correctly, the process can be completed in 6 to 12 months. The current urgency due to the program’s closing has led to an increase in applications, so it is advisable to act quickly.
- Italy: The consular process can take between 1 and 3 years depending on the consulate, although there is the option to process it directly in Italy, reducing the timeline to around 6-12 months if temporary residence is established.
Required documentation
Spain
- Birth certificate of the applicant
- Birth and death certificates of the Spanish parent(s) or grandparent(s)
- Documentation proving they did not renounce Spanish nationality
- Official application form and appointment at the Consular Civil Registry
Italy
- Birth and marriage certificates of each generation from the Italian ancestor
- Certificates of non-naturalization
- Sworn translations and apostilles
- Consular application form or proof of residence in Italy
Advantages of each program
Advantages of Spanish citizenship
- Access to the labor market and social rights in the EU
- Spanish passport with high global mobility
- Possibility of passing citizenship on to descendants
- Recognition of dual nationality for Ibero-American countries
Advantages of Italian citizenship
- No deadline for processing
- Right to live and work in any EU country
- Automatic transmission to children without additional procedures
- Italian passport with visa-free access to more than 190 countries
Which one to choose?
If you have Spanish ancestry and meet the requirements of the Democratic Memory Law, Spain is the fastest route, as long as you apply before the September 2025 deadline. On the other hand, if your family connection is with Italy or the lineage is more distant, Italy offers a timeless option, although potentially slower if processed through the consulate.
Additionally, differences in dual nationality legislation may be relevant. Spain only recognizes it automatically with Ibero-American countries, while Italy does not require you to renounce any nationality.
How does Orience help you?
At Orience, we analyze your family tree, review your documents, and design the most efficient strategy to obtain your European passport. We advise you on the best consulates, manage translations and legalizations, and represent you throughout the process. Our experience allows us to anticipate problems and reduce time and costs.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Can I apply for both citizenships if I have Spanish and Italian ancestors?
Yes, although it will depend on the laws of your country of origin. Orience can help you design a legal strategy to maintain both nationalities if possible.
Is it more expensive to apply for citizenship in Italy than in Spain?
Not necessarily, but Italy usually requires more documents, translations, and legalizations. Orience helps you estimate and optimize the budget.
What happens if I don’t have all the original documents?
In many cases it is possible to request duplicates or use legal alternatives. We help you search for them in civil registries, parishes, or national archives.
Can citizenship be processed without traveling to Europe?
In both cases, the process can be initiated through the relevant consulate, although in the case of Italy, processing it in the country may be faster.
What work benefits do I have with European citizenship?
You can legally work in any EU country without a visa or additional permits. You can also access public healthcare and education systems.
Conclusion
Both programs offer solid paths toward European citizenship, but your personal situation will determine which option is most convenient. With the Spanish route soon closing and the Italian option more stable but slower, the time to act is now. Orience accompanies you from the very first step until you obtain your passport.